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**GROUP TOPIC 6: From the Reign of the Stewarts**

=Introduction:= Welcome to the Reign of the Stewarts. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the Stewarts were a very powerful family, whose rule stretched to France, Scotland, and England. The Stewarts had strong ties to these countries through various people. Marie de Guise, widow of King James the V, was from France and lived in French court most of her life (Marie de Guise). Mary, Queen of Scots and the daughter of James V and Marie de Guise was queen of Scotland and France with a strong claim to the throne of England (The Reign of Tudors and Stuarts). Because of these connections Queen Elizabeth I of England felt threatened by her and had Mary executed after trying to take refuge in England (The Tudors).

Succeeding Mary, Queen of Scot was her only son James the VI/I (Stuart Monarchs of Scotland). His prior family connection to England gave him the ability to claim the throne of England and Scotland becoming King James the I of England and the VI of Scotland (Accencion of King James I). There were many citizens in under the monarchy who did not approve of King James’ decision to dismiss Catholicism from England. A group of catholic men decided to later plan a bombing of the King and House of Lords or otherwise known as Parliament on November 5th to make a statement out against the British. This in turn backfired and did the opposite in that it made the Catholics of England endure house searches, etc. This family has a complex history that would go down in history. From Marie de Guise to The Gunpowder Plot the Stewarts' history is nothing but interesting. = =

Marie de Guise (1515-1560) - Becca N.
Marie was born on November 22nd, 1515 in a castle in France (Bio). Marie was the daughter of the Duke of Guise in Lorraine. When she was only nineteen years old she got married to Louis. Three years later he died from smallpox. She married King James V King of Scotland. In her life she lost all her children except, her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots.

After her first husband died, she refused a marriage with Henry VIII, and married his nephew instead (Lewis). In late May of 1538, Marie and James V were married in France (Marie). Marie de Guise was appointed Regent in 1554 (Marie). Marie was the princess of France and was the queen of Scotland (Morgan). Marie sent her daughter, Mary, to France for her protection. Marie wanted Scotland and France to be very close (Marie). James V died in 1542 leaving the throne to his daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (Marie). While her daughter was growing up, Marie ruled Scotland until Mary was old enough. Marie de Guise died in 1560.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Maryofguise1.jpg

**Mary Queen of Scots (1542-1587) - Arianna C.**


Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of King James V of Scotland and Queen Mary of Guise, was born on December 8 th , 1542 (Mary Queen of Scots). Only six days after her birth King James V died leaving Mary Queen of Scotland (Mary Queen of Scots). At this time Mary was too young of age to become queen and rule efficiently. Until Mary reached the proper age her mother served as regent for Mary (Pollen). While Mary of Guise ran Scotland Mary lived a typical childhood of a royal child. At the age of five Mary was sent to France to live in the French court (Abbott). While there she received the best education available in the sixteenth century. She became fluent in many languages, learned poetry, and learned to play 2 different instruments (Abbott). Not only was Mary highly educated she was beautiful as well. Once Mary turned seventeen she married Francis II of France (Francis II). They married on April 24 th , 1558 at this moment Mary was not only Queen of Scotland she became Queen of France, but only for a short time (Francis II) . After Henry II death due to a jousting accident in 1559 Francis II was crowned King (Francis II). Unfortunately the next year Francis died. Leaving Mary a widow at 18 (The British Monarchy). After the death of Francis II Mary decided to leave the French court and return to Scotland (Thomas). Soon after returning to Scotland at the age of twenty two Mary married her first cousin Lord Darnley, an English noble ( The British Monarchy) . Lord Darnley and Mary, Queen of Scots had one son James the I (The British Monarchy). Over time Mary got tired of Darnleys attitude and ego. In result she grew close to Earl Bothwell ( History Learning Site) . On February 9th, 1567 Lord Darnley died of an explosion in his home name Kirk O'Field (Thomas). Many suspect that Earl Bothwell had done it and Mary, Queen of Scots had knowledge of the plot (History Learning Site).

Three months later Mary remarried again to Earl of Bothwell, but before they married he was charged with the murder of Lord Darnley (Pollen). Luckily for Mary he was tried and found not guilty (Pollen). The marriage to Bothwell caused and uprising of the Scottish people. Once she saw how bad the opposition was becoming she abdicated her thrown to her only son James I (Thomas). Mary left for England to find shelter with Queen Elizabeth, her cousin (Scottish Holidays). The relationship between Mary and Elizabeth has not been the greatest. Mary is a threat to Elizabeth because she had a legitimate tie to the throne of England. Once Mary got to England she was imprisoned in for nineteen years (Scottish Holidays). While imprisoned Mary wrote letters back and forth to an accomplish to break her out of prison and over throw Elizabeth. Little did Mary know that the letters were intercepted by guards (Hanson). After Elizabeth the I found the letters she ordered married to be tried at court (History Learning Site). Mary, Queen of Scots was found guilty and executed on February 8th, 1587 at Fortheringhay Castle at the age of 44 (History Learning Site).

James the VI/I - Bridget H.
James was the only child of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Stewart. He was born in Edinburgh Castle on June 19, 1566 (“British Monarchy”). His father was murdered in a mysterious explosion when James was still a baby and his monther was forced to abdicate the throne due to her suspected involvement in the murder (“His Majestie King James VI & I”). Upon his coronation at 13 months old, he was King James the VI of Scotland and, later, King James I of England. Though baptized Catholic, his mother’s strong Protestant influence stayed with him through his kingship (“Scotland’s Kings and Queens”).

A very religious man, King James made several changes in the spiritual life of Scotland. These changes were arranged into a document called the Five Articles of Perth, designed to bring the Scottish church into line with the English one (“British Monarchy”). Firstly, he decreed Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, Ascension and Whit Sundays to be required holy days. Second, the Holy Communion could be given privately to the sick and elderly, but it should always be taken kneeling. Third, children were to be confirmed at age eight, and fourth, were to be confirmed by the Bishop. Lastly, baptism was able to take place at the home privately if necessary (“Scottish Places”). These changes were very unpopular with the Scottish church and the people, but James was able to make them come about through a combination of blackmailing and bribery. Another religious change made was the King James Version of the Bible, which was translated from Hebrew and Greek to English under his orders (“Scotland’s Kings and Queens”).

Possibly because of the violent nature of his father’s death, James was a rather skittish individual. He was constantly paranoid about being murdered and wore heavily padded clothing most of his life to ensure that he wouldn’t be stabbed (“Scotland’s Kings and Queens”). Another perk of his paranoia was his belief in the theory of the Divine Right of Kings. James believed that it was his duty to govern the Scottish people according to God’s law (“His Majestie King James VI & I”).

Though he was rather paranoid, James was most certainly not crazy. In fact, he grew up to be an astute intellectual and was particularly gifted in linguistics. After studying with the wisest of his four tutors, George Buchanan, James was able to speak fluent Greek, Latin, French, English, and, of course, Scots. His talent for language became very useful because when dealing with foreign countires, a translator was not needed (“His Majestie King James VI & I”). He was a very talented writer and wrote very beautiful poetry to his wife, Anne of Denmark, whom he married in 1589 (“British Monarchy”). Together they had nine children and were recorded as being very much in love and very happy with each other (“His Majestie King James VI & I”).

James’s one true ambition was to be the king of both Scotland and England. Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, he had an opportunity to do so. At this time he had been King James VI of Scotland for 36 years (“His Majestie King James VI & I”). He inherited the throne of England and moved south to attempt to unite both kingdoms as best as he could. He became King James I of England and was unsuccessful in uniting both nations under one Parliament and government. He enjoyed the English court system more so than the Scottish system and only returned to Scotland once in 1617. While in England, he boasted that he controlled his northern kingdom “with a stroke of his pen” (“British Monarchy”).

As the ruler of two kingdoms, James had many enemies. However, he was able to die at peace with all other nations at age 58. Unusual for a Scottish monarch and the tanistry system, he passed on his throne to his son upon his death (“His Majestie King James VI & I”).

The Gunpowder Plot (1604-1605) - Andrew P.
The Gunpowder Plot began as a fight against the English Parliament to make a statement towards the new British King James I formerly from Scotland (Ford). When King James I entered into his kingdom he and his Parliament, despite promises to the people to not have anti-catholic laws, persecuted and made severe mistreatment towards the Catholics (Ford). One of those people being affected was Robert Gatesby who assembled a meeting at his friend John Wright`s house along with Thomas Wintour to discuss and devise a plan to blow up the King and House of the Lords during parliament (Ford). It was now May 20th of 1604 when Robert Wintour, Thomas Percy, Christopher Wright, Thomas Bates, John Johnson, and some other men all joined in on the plan (Robinson). Their plan was to rent a place in Westminster and although it took them till March of 1605 they eventually were able to but it took them time and connections to be able to do so (Ford). In the time waiting the number of men grew even more by family and marital connections (Robinson). It was now just ten days away from the opening of parliament when the Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter stating caution in the soon opening of the Parliament (Robinson). He showed to a man named Robert Cecil, the Earl of Salisbury and Secretary of State, who ordered two searches of Percy`s rented space one in the morning hours and then in the evening on November 4th, a day before the opening of Parliament (Ford). The first check was cleared but when they came a second time one of the men named Guy Fawkes, who was supposed to spark the wood was found and immediately arrested (Ford). The plot was not successful and most of the men were captured and eventually killed. In the end, Catholics were the ones to really suffer the longest with all the questioning and house searching, etc. (Robinson). In honor of King James I and his Parliaments survival he ordered that citizens of England should have bonfires the night of November 5th in celebration ("The Gunpowder Plot of 1605").

=Work Cited= __**Sources for the Introduction**__

"Accension of James I - Death of Anne." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">England House of Stuart . Heritage History, n.d. Web. 4 June 2011. http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=eras&FileName=britain_5.php. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">"Marie de Guise." //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">H2G2 //. BBC, 20 July 2000. Web. 4 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/ A398117. "The Reign of Tudors and Stuarts." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Lotsofessays.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 June 2011. http://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1691600.html. "Stuart Monarchs of Scotland."History UK. Historic - UK, n.d. Web. 4 June 2011. http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #000000; font: 16px/32px 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: -48px; text-transform: none; webkitborderhorizontalspacing: 0px; webkitborderverticalspacing: 0px; webkittextdecorationsineffect: none; webkittextsizeadjust: auto; webkittextstrokewidth: 0px; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">"Bio of Bio Marie De Guise." // Encyclopedia //. Web. 3 June 2011. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2591306248/mary-guise-15151560.html>. Lewis, Jone J. "Mary of Guise Biography." //Women's History - Comprehensive Women's History Research Guide//. Web. 31 May 2011. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/medrenqueens/p/mary_of_guise.htm>. Marie De Guise (1515-1560) - Explore-Parliament.net." <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #000000; font: 16px/32px 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: -48px; text-transform: none; webkitborderhorizontalspacing: 0px; webkitborderverticalspacing: 0px; webkittextdecorationsineffect: none; webkittextsizeadjust: auto; webkittextstrokewidth: 0px; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">// Explore Parliament - Virtual Travel (R) Tour of the Houses of Parliament //. 2007. Web. 03 June 2011. <http://www.explore-parliament.net/nssMovies/03/0303/0303_.htm>. "Marie De Guise - Renaissance, Reformation and Mary Queen of Scots - Scotlands History." //Supporting Curriculum for Excellence (CfE), Assessment, Community and Lifelong Learning - Learning and Teaching Scotland//. Web. 31 May 2011. <http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotlandshistory/renaissancereformation/mariedeguise/index.asp>. <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #000000; font: 16px/32px 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: -48px; text-transform: none; webkitborderhorizontalspacing: 0px; webkitborderverticalspacing: 0px; webkittextdecorationsineffect: none; webkittextsizeadjust: auto; webkittextstrokewidth: 0px; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">"Marie Marie De Guise Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland." // Undiscovered Scotland: Home Page //. Web. 03 June 2011. <http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/g/mariedeguise.html>. <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #000000; font: 16px/32px 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: -48px; text-transform: none; webkitborderhorizontalspacing: 0px; webkitborderverticalspacing: 0px; webkittextdecorationsineffect: none; webkittextsizeadjust: auto; webkittextstrokewidth: 0px; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">"Marie Morgan, Carol H. "Biographies: Mary of Guise, French Princess and Scottish Queen." //Helium//. 14 Apr. 2008. Web. 1 June 2011.<http://www.helium.com/items/997916-biographies-mary-of-guise-french-princess-and-scottish-queen>.
 * __ S __****__ ources for Marie de Guise __**
 * __ Sources for Mary Queen of Scots __**

Abbott, Jacob. "Mary Queen of Scots." The Baldwin Project. Yesterday's Classics, n.d. Web. 25 May 2011. http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=abbott&book=mary&story=education.

"Francis II, The Dauphin." Earthlink. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011. http://home.earthlink.net/ ~zzz12/daup2.htm

Hanson, Marilee. "Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn." EnglishHistory.net. 2004. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004)

"Mary, Queen of Scots." The British Monarchy. The Royal Household, 2011. Web. 25 May 2011.http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheStewarts/MaryQueenofScots.aspx.

"Mary Queen of Scots." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/mary_queen_of_scots.htm

"Mary Queen of Scots." Scottish Holidays. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011. http://www.scottishholidays.net/article/mary-queen-of-scots/

Pollen, John Hungerford. "Mary Queen of Scots." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 25 May 2011 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09764a.htm.

Thomas, Heather. "Mary Queen of Scots." Mary Stuart Society. N.p., 15 May 2011. Web. 25 May 2011. http://www.elizabethi.org/us/queenofscots/.

**__ Sources for James VI/I __**

“James VI and I”. //The British Monarchy//. N.p., 2008. Web. 4 Jun 2011. <http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheStewarts/JamesVIandI.aspx>.

“James VI of Scotland – I of England”. //Scotland’s Kings and Queens.// N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jun 2011. <http://www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/jamesvi.htm>.

“King James I : Biography”. //His Majestie King James VI & I//. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jun 2011. <http://www.jesus-is-lord.com/kingbio.htm>.

“Overview of the Five Articles of Perth”. //Scottish Places//. N.p., 2011. Web. 4 Jun 2011. <http://www.scottish-places.info/events/eventfirst5.html>.

**__ Sources for the Gunpowder Plot __** Ford, David Nash. "The Gunpowder Plot: Overview." //Britannia: British History and Travel//. 2007. Web. June 2011. [|http://www.britannia.com/history/kaboom.htm]l "The Gunpowder Plot of 1605." //History Learning Site//. 2000-2011. Web. June 2011. [] Robinson, Bruce. "BBC - History - The Gunpowder Plot." //BBC - Homepage//. 29 Mar. 2011. Web. June 2011. [] =

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