7+-+The+Jacobite+Rebellions

= **The Jacobite Rebellions** = = =
 * = ==Table of Contents== ||
 * = Introduction ||
 * = Jacobite Rising of 1745 - Nazarette W ||
 * = Bonnie Prince Charlie - Elaine J ||
 * = Bonnie Dundee & the Battle of Killiecrankie - Leah M ||
 * = Flora MacDonald & the Countess of Nithsdale - Delana S ||
 * = Works Cited ||
 * = Related Links ||

__Introduction__
The Jacobite Rebellions were wars fought by the Scottish against the English in favor of returning the English throne to the royal, Catholic line of Stuarts (Jacobite Rebellion). Jacobite was a name a given to those who believe that King James VII of Scotland as well as King James the II of England should have been the rightful rulers of Scotland and England (Sutherland-Fisher).

The Jacobite Rebellions takes its name from the Latin form of James, Jacobus and were called so by the ruling governments (“Castle Scotland”). The first Jacobite Rebellion took place in 1715 and after the House of Hanover took the British throne in 1714, the risings continued to take place until 1745, which was the second and last rebellion (“Castle Scotland”). The Rebellion of ’45 was led by Charles Edward Stuart, who in ’46 was defeated in battle, thus ending any hope of restoring the Stuarts to the throne (Nicholson).

April 16, 1689 John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, with fewer than 50 men supporting him on the hilltop of Dundee Law, raised James’ standard (Nicholson). He was known for his vicious persecution of Covenanters and was later called “Bonnie Dundee” (Nicholson). Sir Walter Scott wrote a song about him in 1830 (Nicholson).

At first Dundee had a hard time gaining troops, but by July that was not true, for there were eight battalions and two companies, whom were almost all Highlanders (“Castle Scotland”). During their period of training, the Highlander’s method of training was informal, because they dropped to the ground to avoid enemy volleys and set aside their plaids, but after quickly returning fire, they pursued their foes, screaming in the Highland Charge (“Castle Scotland”). In the Battle of Killiecrankie on July 27, 1689 the Highland charge helped to defeat a lowland Scottish force that was larger (Nicholson).

Even though the previous events are important, we cannot forget the heroic actions of two Jacobite Heroines, Flora MacDonald, who helped to save the life of Prince Charlie and the Countess of Nithsdale, who went against the King to save the life of her husband ("Flora MacDonald").

__﻿Jacobite Rising of 1745 (Nazarette W)__
==

The Jacobite Rising of 1745, commonly known as the Forty-Five, was the last effort to try and reinstate the British throne for the exiled House of Stuart, made by Charles Edward Stuart(1745 Jacobite Rising). A war between France and England had broken out during 1743 (Jacobites and the Union). France had always supported the Stuarts claim to the throne, so King Louis XV thought it would be a great idea if the Stuarts made another attempt to regain the throne. King Louis XV told James Edward Stuart that if he decide to recapture his throne that he will provided the necessary weapons and ammunitions. However James Stuart wasn't up to par due to his age and instead sent his son Charles Stuart, who was more then excited to go(Jacobite Rebellion). He had gained numerous support from the north-east and highland clans. In September, his military was ready to attack, Charles decided his first move would be to capture Holyrod, and ancient palace of Scottish kings(Jacobite Rebellion). The march south began with a victory at the Battle of Prestonpans near Edinburgh (Jacobite Rebellion (1745–1746). The Jacobite army starting feeling confident and continued marching to Carlisle, over the border of England(Jacobite Rising of 1745). In the end most of the Jacobite army was executed and had their land taken away and given to people who remained loyal to George II. Scotsmen were no longer able to wear kilts and play bagpipes(Jacobite Rebellion).

__﻿Bonnie Prince Charlie (Elaine J)__
”//Rally in the name of God. Pray, gentleman, return. Pray, stand with me, your Prince, but a moment- otherwise you ruin me, your country and yourselves; and God forgive you.//” > -Prince Charles Edward Stuart at the Battle of Culloden

Prince Charles Edward Stuart was born on December 31, 1720 in Rome. ("Charles") He got the nicknames such as the young pretender because of his father. He was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart who many called him the “pretender” because not that many people believed that he was the decedent to the throne. (“Bonnie”) His grandfather, James the II of England, was the ruler of England in 1685-1689. His grandfather was forcefully taken off the throne. (“Who”) He was mostly known for unsuccessful uprisings against the current occupant of the throne. He joined the French in order to invade the English. But it didn’t work out because the French were afraid of the strong English army. (“Who”)

Bonnie Prince Charlie had many people support his army that came from any Scottish clans. He had many small victories. (“Who”) But when he decided to invade England, his army started to fall apart. Many of the English were content with the way things were going, the French didn’t support them at all, and none of the English Catholics supported the rebellion. (“Who”) So the battle of Culloden in which he thought was going to be really successful turned out to be one of the bloodiest battles in Scottish history. (‘Who”) He died in Rome on 31 January 1788. ("charlie")

__﻿Bonnie Dundee & the Battle of Killiecrankie (Leah M)__


In 1689 Bonnie Dundee led a group of Jacobites organized by Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, XVII Captain and Chief of Clan Cameron, to attack the British after King William of Orange ousted King James from power (“The Battle”). The Jacobites favored King James because he was Catholic, like them (Jacobite Rebellion). King William of Orange was Protestant (“The Battle”). This bloody clash of religious interest stemmed from older conflicts in British history between Catholics and Protestants, especially in regards to the throne.

__﻿Flora MacDonald & the Countess of Nithsdale (Delana S.)__
During the Jacobite Rebellions there were two daring women who did what they had to do in order to protect the people that they were important. They are considered as Jacobite Heroines and their names are Flora MacDonald and the Countess of Nithsdale. The actions that they took could have meant death for them and the people that were involved, but they showed bravery and courage during difficult times. For Flora MacDonald the risk was helping Bonnie Prince Charlie escape from the Islands to the mainland, where he was safer. The Countess of Nithsdale wanted to save her husband and help him escape from the Tower of London. The first story that is presented is the story of Flora MacDonald and how she came to be a heroine and the second is of the Countess of Nithsdale and the actions that she took to save her husband.

**__Flora MacDonald __** Flora MacDonald lived on the island of South Uist with her mother and her father who was a minister, but died when she was two years old in 1724 (Holley-Whittaker). Her mother remarried four years later to her second husband, Hugh MacDonald, who was a member of the same clan, though was only a distant relative and he lived in another place (“Flora MacDonald”). When it came to the question of moving with her mother and new husband or staying with her brother Angus in Uist, Flora decided to stay because she loved it there and would wait for her mother to come back to her (Holley-Whittaker). Flora lived in a stone-built cottage called Milton and from the cottage she could see the lake and the hills that were far away, and she would spend her time drinking in the beauty of the sea and sky (Holley- Whittaker). Where Flora lived, she had many friends among the farmers and their families (“Flora MacDonald”).

The people were musical and poetical, so from them Flora learned how to sing Gaelic songs to their beautiful and simple tunes (Holley-Whittaker). She also received a great amount of schooling due to conveniently placed schools where teachers from the mainland gave lessons (Holley-Whittaker). At the age of thirteen Lady Clanranald, a friend of her mother offered Flora the opportunity to take part in her own daughters’ education and with that Flora decided to live with them and stayed with them for three years (Holley-Whittaker). Later on another opportunity presented itself to her in the form of Lady Margaret MacDonald, another friend of her mother, who invited Flora to stay with her in Edinburgh and it was there that flora joined a small school, headed by a Miss Henderson(Holley-Whittaker). The big difference was that it was actually more like a cultivated home, because the girls learned the best and were in hands on situations with the society of Edinburgh (Holley-Whittaker). After three years at the age of twenty-three Flora decided to move back to the western islands, where she grew up (Holley- Whittaker).

In the year of 1745 rumors were spreading about Prince Charlie and the plans that he had for the Jacobites and success seemed imminent, but many of the leading men of Scotland refused to support him (“Flora MacDonald”). One of those men was Sir Alexander MacDonald, husband of Flora’s friend Lady Margaret who was a Jacobite at heart (Holley-Whittaker). In April of 1745 Prince Charles was a wanted man with a price on his head (Holley-Whittaker). He trekked throughout the country side trying to seek shelter and food at well known castles, but he found no welcome wherever he went (“Flora MacDonald”). It was a depressing time for Prince Charles and it was not until he encountered a young chieftain whose father had fought for the Prince and died (Holley-Whittaker).He gave the Prince and his companion’s food and water, while they stayed in a cave to hide from everyone who was looking for him (Holley-Whittaker).

It was during the time that Flora was a guest of the Clanranalds that a plan was made to help out the Prince in his time of desperate need (“Flora MacDonald”). Though, her friend Lady Margaret MacDonald had secretly sent newspapers, to help the prince avoid being captured (Holley-Whittaker). Flora MacDonald was the chief agent of escape and it started with her plan of meeting her mother, while taking her Niel her man servant and Betty Burke an Irish spinning maid, whose services where needed by her mother (“Flora MacDonald”). With the help of Lady Clanranald and Hugh Macdonald, Flora’s stepfather, Flora was able to obtain passports for travel and also disguise Prince Charlie as the maid Betty (Holley-Whittaker). She was able to help “Betty” (Prince Charlie) travel through the country undetected, as well as avoid suspicion of herself (Holley-Whittaker).

They traveled secretly with help of other Jacobites and when they finally reached Kingsburgh house the trip was nearly over (“Flora MacDonald”). When the party reached the eastern coast of Skye, the Prince hoped to get to the mainland and in order to convey his thanks to Flora, he gave her his portrait in a gold locket and many promises of future rewards, but those never did come (Holley-Whittaker).After leaving the Prince, Flora visited her mother, who she did not tell about the little adventure, though it did become known and she was sent to prison in London (Holley-Whittaker). She was released on parole and finally received her freedom in 1747 (“Flora MacDonald”). She also begged for pardon for her fellow prisoners from the Western Isles and it was obtained (Holley-Whittaker).When asked about her adventure, Flora did not regret what she did, because she believed it to be right in her heart and for the fellow people of her country (Holley-Whittaker).

**__Countess of Nithsdale __**  The Countess of Nithsdale was born Winifred Herbert, the youngest daughter of William Herbert, who was the Marquess and Duke of Powis (“Women of Conviction”). She met her husband, William Maxwell, who was paying respect to the former King James II, while in exile. William Maxwell was the Fifth Earl of Nithsdale (“Women of Conviction”). In 1715 the Earl joined the Jacobite rebellion in support of James II’s son (“Women of Conviction”). The Earl was captured and sent to the Tower of London, like many of the Jacobite supporters were (“Tower in the Stuart Era”). He was tried for treason and sentenced to death (“Tower in the Stuart Era”). She tried to plead for her husband’s life, but the King would not hear any of it, so she devised a plan to smuggle him out (“Tower in the Stuart Era”).

On the eve of the execution the Countess had used the help of two of her maid to disguise her husband with the help of clothes and make-up that she had left in his cell (“Tower in the Stuart Era”). That night the Countess tricked the guards into believing that a pardon was coming soon and persuaded the guards to let her talk to her husband (“Women of Conviction”). During that time she disguised her husband and led him outside to meet one of the maids, who would lead him to a safe house (“Women of Conviction”). The Countess then went back to his cell and feigned a two- person conversation with him, before leaving (“Women of Conviction”). After a few days of hiding in London the Earl was able to leave for Rome, disguised as a servant of the Venetian Ambassador (“Women of Conviction”).

When the word had been passed around about the escape the Countess was suspected and she had already angered the King with her petition for her husband’s life (“Women of Conviction”). She knew that she was in danger, but went on to arrange for the care of their property and secure family papers in Scotland, which involved her leaving London for the time being (“Women of Conviction”). After she secured the papers she needed, the Countess went back to London and left to join her husband in exile in Rome, where she lived out the rest of her days (“Tower in the Stuart Era”).

__Work Cited__
"1745 Jacobite Rising." //1745 Jacobite Rising//. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jun 2011. . []

"The Battle of Killiecrankie." //Clan Cameron Online//. Clan Cameron Association, 2010. Web. 4 Jun 2011. .

"The Jacobites." //Castle Scotland//. Assay Developments, 2009. Web. 26 May 2011. [].

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 115%;">"English Monarchs- Kings and Queens of England- The Tower of London." //The Tower in the tuart Era//. N.p., 2005. Web. 3 Jun 2011. [].

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Famous Scots." //Flora MacDonald//. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jun 2011. [].

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Holley-Whittaker, Kelly D. "Women in the History of Scots Descent." //Flora MacDonald//. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jun 2011. [].

"Jacobites and the Union." //Jacobites and the Union//. BBC, n.d. Web. 3 Jun 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/union/features_union_jacobites.shtml>. []

"Jacobite Rebellion." //Spartacus Educational//. N.p., 01 May 2011. Web. 11 May 2011. [].

"Jacobite Rebellion." N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jun 2011. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/STUjacobite.htm>. []

"Jacobite Rebellion (1745–1746)." //Jacobite Rebellion (1745–1746)//. N.p., April 28, 2011. Web. 3 Jun 2011. <http://jacobiterising.devhub.com/blog/621600-jacobite-rebellion-17451746/>. []

"Jacobite Rising of 1745." //Jacobite Rising of 1745//. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jun 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1745>. []

Sutherland-fisher, Mark. "History of the Jacobites, The Scottish Jacobites - UK History." //Scottish History Online, Pictish Pages, Scotland - UK History//. Mark Sutherland-fisher, 2001. Web. 14 May 2011. [].

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 115%;">"Winifred, Countess of Nithsdale." //Women of Conviction//. the University of Hull, n.d. Web. 3 Jun 2011. []. "Charles Edward Stuart/Bonnie Prince Charlie." //Scotland Vacations Holidays and Scotland Accommodation Travel Guide//. Scotlandvocations, 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 04 June 2011. []. "Who Was Bonnie Prince Charlie?" //Essortment Articles: Free Online Articles on Health, Science, Education & More...// Essortment, 5 July 2010. Web. 05 June 2011. []. December, Early. "Bonnie Prince Charlie." //Tour Scotland on a Personal Small Group Tour of My Homeland.// Visitdunkeld, 4 Mar. 2009. Web. 05 June 2011. <http://www.visitdunkeld.com/prince-charlie.htm>.

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