8+-+The+Scottish+Diaspora


 * GROUP TOPIC 8: The Scottish Diaspora GROUP CLOSED!!! **

__Introduction to The Scottish Diaspora__ ====During the Scottish Diaspora, many people decided to leave Scotland for one reason or another. The Scottish moved all over, some of the places include, The Caribbean, New Zealand, Canada, various places in South America, and Australia.These are just a few of the places where the Scottish decided to move. One Event that happened during the Scottish Diaspora was The Act of Proscription. This act made various things illegal including the kilt and the bagpipes.====
 * Table of Contents: ||
 * Introduction to The Scottish Diaspora ||
 * The Darien Scheme – Mariah S. (A4) ||
 * The Act of Proscription – Melinda G. (A4) ||
 * The Glencoe Massacre – Syris S. (A4) ||
 * The Highland Clearances – Will (A4) ||
 * Scottish-led Uprisings in the Caribbean – Epiphani M. (A4) ||
 * Works Cited ||
 * Related Links ||

__The Darien Scheme - Mariah S. (A4)__

The Darien Scheme took place in the 17th century, in 1693 (Ibeji). A man named William Paterson, wanted to expand his company across two major oceans,the Pacific and Atlantic(Ibeji). He helped to set up the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies in Edinburgh. Many people claimed that this company would prosper through foreign trade (Ibeji). Also, to promote Darien as a remote spot where Scots could settle (Ibeji).

The very first directors of the Company of Scotland were Scottish and English, which both were equal in representation (Ibeji). Later on, the English Parliament withdrew its support for the scheme (The Darien Scheme).They were afraid of loosing their trade monopoly. This forced the English and Dutch to withdraw, and left the Scots as sole investors (The Darien Schemem).

Many Scots who invested in the Darien Scheme, set off for Darien in 1698 (Ibeji). They arrived to a mosquito infested Darien(The Darien Scheme). A huge amount became sick and died. Seven months later,they decided to abandon the scheme(The Darien Scheme). __The Act of Proscription - Melinda G. (A4)__

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===The Act of Proscription was made in 1746, after the last Jacobite Rebellion ("Scotclans"). One of the main reasons for this act was to destroy the clan systems that Scotland had at the time ("Scottish Blog 1"). This act banned the bagpipes, tartans and other kinds of highland dress ("Scotclans"). However, the troops of the government were still able to wear highland dress and tartans ("Scotclans"). In addition to the bagpipes and tartans being prohibited, the teaching of Gaelic was also illegal ("Scottish Blog 1"). If a person was to go against the act, one of the possible crimes was he or she would be sent to one of the countries that was under British rule and had to stay there for 7 years ("Scottish Blog 1").===

===One part of the act of Proscription was the Dress Act of 1746. This was the part of the act that banned the wearing of kilts and tartans. Under this act, if a person was caught wearing a kilt or any form a tartan, the person would be in trouble.When the person would get caught the first time, he or she was imprisoned for up to 6 months ("ScottishBlog 2"). If he or she got caught again wearing the tartan or any kind of highland dress, he or she would then be sent to another country under British rule for 7 years ("Scottish Blog 2"). The wearingof plaid, Philabeg or also known as little kilt, trouse and shoulder belts were considered illegal ("ScottishBlog 2"). All of these are parts of the kilt. Because the Scottish were not able to wear their kilts, many people felt like they were living in a different culture (“ScottishBlog 2”). In 1782, the Dress Act of 1746 was repealed ("Scottish Blog 2"). When the act was repealed, the people of Scotland were able to go back and enjoy wearing their kilts and tartans.===

__The Glencoe Massacre - Syris S. (A4)__

http://www.thesonsofscotland.co.uk/themassacreofglencoe1692.htm //(Stone monument in rememberance of McIan, leader during the massacre.)//

Following the ascension of the protestant King and Queen William III and Mary II to England and Scotland, the Jacobite Highland clans, including the Mcdonalds, rose up to challenge the protestent rulers and restore the former King James II, a catholic. A battle ensued in 1960 in which the Clans were defeated by government troops and the former King James II was forced into exile. Following the battle, on August 27, 1691, the new King William offered the Highlands a pardon for their role (Hickman). This pardon or oath was given to a magistrate and if the magistrate did not appear before the deadline on January 1 1692 (Corporation), the clan would be threatened by the king for their role in the uprising (Hickman).

Clan leaders asked the former King James for advise; how James accepted his fate and told the leaders to accept Williams offer. Alastar McIan set out to reach Fort William before the deadline to give his Oath. Upon arival, McIan was told that Governor Hill could not recieve the oath and that he was to give it to the Sheriff of Argyle. He was given a letter by Hill stating that he had arrived before the deadline. The Sheriff, Campbell, accepted the oath; however had told McIan that a special warrant had to be approved by the king. McIan believed he had complied and returned home. Campbell never sent anything to the king and a plan to remove the McDonald clan was enacted (Corporation).

The secretary of state, John Dalrymple, and military commander, Sir Thomas Livingstone, asked the king to follow through with military action against the McDonald Clan. A regiment of 120 men arrived in Glenco with Robert Campbell of Glenlyon as their captain (Hickman). Robert was chosen because he had seen his land destroyed by the McDonald Clan in 1698 after the battle of Dunkeld. When the regiment arrived in Glencoe, they were greeted by McIan and his hospitality. After 2 weeks of drinking and fellowship, Campell recieved orders to kill the McDonald Clan and to make sure McIan did not escape. Campells men attacked at 5:00 A.M. on February 13th (Hickman). McIan was killed by Lieutenant John Lindsay and Ensign John Lundie; however his family was able to get away from the fight. At the end of the massacre, 38 McDonalds lay dead and their villages razed to the ground. The rest who survived were able to flee; however, 40 more died from the harsh winter (Hickman).

__The Highland Clearances - Will S. (A4)__ http://www.seachd.com/images/history_clearances_325x325.png

The clan system regarded the land as belonging to their community, worked areas being passed down through the family while additional lands could be rented (unc.edu). Once the chiefs lost their power following the Battle of Culloden, many of them lost also any parental interest in their clansmen (scottishweb.net). As the generations passed, the clan chiefs became more wealthy and detached from their kinsmen, regarding them as their effects rather than their family. By the 18th century it would have been hard to find a clan chief with the same accent as his clan, and harder still to find a clansman with any legal or humanitarian rights (Mackay). During the next hundred years they continued the work of Cumberland's battalions, so that they might lease their glens and braes the sheep-farmers from the Lowlands and England, they cleared the crofts of men, women, and children: using police and soliders where necessary (Mackay).

Agricultural ‘improvement’ by removing humans from their lands and replacing them with sheep was found to be very profitable across the Lowlands in the mid-1700s. The large Cheviot and Blackface sheep that were given the lands generated more wealth than the landowners could ever have squeezed from their clan tenants.The people were told to fish at the coast and work the kelp to pay the rents for their new locations (Ayrshireroots). They built themselves homes called crofts and their lifestyles became known as crofting (“Comunn”)

The Lowland success encouraged an enormous, devastating ‘improvement’ by the traitor landowners all across the Highlands from 1785 which became known as ‘the Clearances’ (Mackay). Tens of thousands were pulled out of their townships and moved, impoverished, to the marginal areas (Ayrshireroots). There were two forms of clearance. Firstly came the relocation of people onto poor, coastal plots (Scottish Clearances). From 1820, however, these areas were failing to provide any living. Kelp was not as saleable, fishing was poor yet rents were being pushed up. To cap it all came the 1844 potato famine (Gray).

New hardships from the first upheaval induced a second movement of people forced to attempt emigration (Scottish Clearances). As the consequences of relocation were becoming apparent, insatiable landowners were still clearing and selling their estates without regard into the 1850s (Mackay).

The Highlanders were deserted and then betrayed. Sheep were seen as more profitable than people, and so they were driven from their homes, displaced and lost.

__Scottish - Led Uprisings in the Caribbean - Epiphani M. (A4)__

Between 1500 and 1860 Europeans shipped over 12 million Africans as slaves to the Americas. Britain was the biggest slaving nation after Portugal, selling three million Africans into slavery (A North). In 1707 when the Triangular Trade was going Scotland started to claim a majority of the profits being made from the trade (A North). The Triangular Trade was a trading route dealing with North and Central America, Europe and Africa. In this route slaves, artillery and certain goods would be passed back and forth through these continents.



After the Jacobite Risings of 1715 and 1745-46, the Scots were attracted to the Caribbean islands because they didn’t have to swear their allegiance to the crown (A North). The Scots could go to the islands and start their own businesses and plantations. The Scots went to the islands in large quantities, but the English were controlling most of the islands like: St. Kitts, Barbados, Nevis, Jamaica, Dominica, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago (A North). But this didn’t stop the Scots, certain islands in the North West of the Caribbean’s is where they established their sugar plantations (A North). Later, massive rebellions started to erupt in Barbados-1816 and Guyana-1823, because slaves started to demand their freedom (A North). Some of the Scots in the islands were slaves as well, so they suffered just as much as the African slaves did (Hamilton, D.). Charles II offered other islands to the Scots, but the English weren’t too happy about that (Hamilton, D.). As the Scots grew, the Barbadian militia shrunk (Hamilton, D.). the British were starting to fear a “Creolised generation' of enslaved Africans” (Hamilton, D.).

__Works Cited__


 * ==== “1746 - Highland Dress Proscription Act." //Scotclans// Web. 3 Jun 2011. . ====
 * "Act of Proscription." //Scottish Blog//. Scottish Heirloom Jewelry Co, March 30,2008. Web. 3 Jun 2011. .
 * "A North East Story - Scotland, Africa and Slavery in the Caribbean." //The University of Aberdeen//. 2008 A North East Story, 2008. Web. 04 June 2011. .
 * Corporation, British Broadcasting. "BBC - History - Scottish History." //BBC - Homepage//. Web. 03 June 2011. .
 * "Crofting." //Comunn Lachdraidh Nis//. Comunn Lachdraidh Nis, n.d. Web. 4 Jun 2011. .
 * ==== "Dress Act 1746." //Scottish Blog//. Scottish Heirloom Jewelry Co, February 10, 2011. Web. 3 Jun 2011. <[]>. ====
 * "Glen Coe Massacre." //Rampant Scotland Directory//. Web. 03 June 2011. .
 * Gray, Malcom. //The Highland Potato Famine of the 1840's//. Hoboken, New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing, 1995. 375-368. Print.
 * Gunn, Robert. "The Massacre Of Glencoe 1692." //The Sons of Scotland//. Web. 03 June 2011. .
 * Hamilton, Douglas J. "Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 1750 - 1820." //Electric Scotland Is All about the History of Scotland and the Scots.// Manchester University Press, 29 Sept. 2005. Web. 04 June 2011. .
 * Hickman, Kennedy. "Glencoe Massacre - MacDonald Clan Glencoe Massacre." //Military History - Warfare through the Ages - Battles and Conflicts - Weapons of War - Military Leaders in History//. New York Times Company. Web. 03 June 2011. [].
 * Ibeji, Mike. "The Darien Venture." //BBC - Homepage//. 17 Feb. 2011. Web. 03 June 2011. .
 * Mackay, Janet. "Highland Clearances." //Electronicscotland.com//. Electronic Scotland, n.d. Web. 4 Jun 2011. .
 * Prebble, John. "John Prebble: re The Highland Clearances." //Chubucto.ns.ca//. Chubucto, 1995. Web. 4 Jun 2011. .
 * "Scottish Clearances." //Visitdunkeld.com//. Tour Scotland, n.d. Web. 4 Jun 2011. .
 * "Scottish History - Battle of Culloden." //scottishweb.net//. Scottish Web, 26 02 2006. Web. 4 Jun 2011. .
 * "The Clan System." //Unc.edu//. University of North Carolina, n.d. Web. 4 Jun 2011. [].
 * "The Darien Scheme The Fall of Scotland." //Historic UK - Heritage Accommodation in Castles,cottages,hotels,bed and Breakfast,boats,dream Weddings, Living History and History Magazine//. Historic UK. Web. 03 June 2011. <http://www.historic-uk.com/>.
 * "The Highland Clearances." //Ayrshireroots.com//. Ayrshire Roots, n.d. Web. 4 Jun 2011. <[]>.

__Related Links__
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